Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam 2026 – All-in-One Guide to Master Your AP English Test

The classical oration follows a five-part argument structure, which is designed to effectively persuade an audience. This structure consists of the following elements:

1. **Introduction (Exordium)**: This is where the speaker introduces the topic and grabs the audience's attention, establishing credibility and presenting the purpose of the argument.

2. **Narration (Narratio)**: In this section, the speaker provides background information and context, helping the audience understand the subject matter and the significance of the argument being presented.

3. **Confirmation (Confirmatio)**: Here, the speaker lays out the main arguments and evidence supporting their position. This is the core of the oration, where the author builds their case logically and factually.

4. **Refutation (Refutatio)**: In this part, the speaker anticipates counterarguments and addresses them. By refuting opposing viewpoints, the speaker strengthens their own argument and shows the audience why their position is more valid.

5. **Conclusion (Peroratio)**: Finally, the speaker wraps up the oration by summarizing the main points, reinforcing their argument, and making a call to action or final appeal to the audience.

This structured approach facilitates clear and persuasive communication, making it an effective